@article{oai:u-ryukyu.repo.nii.ac.jp:02018079,
 author = {下元, 豊 and Shimomoto, Yutaka},
 issue = {18},
 journal = {移民研究},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {The United States-sponsored Bolivia migration scheme from Okinawa is known to have given various hardships to Okinawan immigrants. Still, little is known that the overall consular service by the Japanese Legation/Embassy in Bolivia had not been provided until June 1964. This was because the U.S. insisted that only the U.S. Government would protect Okinawan immigrants and refused the protection offered by the Japanese Government. This claim was a very unusual one since Okinawan immigrants in South America had been protected by both the U.S. and Japanese Governments. Due to this unusual American claim, the Japanese Government misunderstood that the U.S. denied the overall consular service to the Okinawan immigrants.
Many Okinawans migrated to South American countries with a Certificate of Identity (IC) issued by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands. Upon arrival at their destinations, Okinawan immigrants would go to the Japanese Embassy or Consulate and change their ICs to Japanese passports. Through this process, Okinawan immigrants were entitled to enjoy full privileges as Japanese nationals.
However, only Okinawan immigrants to Bolivia were denied various consular-related applications, such as Japanese passports, nationality reservations, marriage, birth, death, divorce, adoption, and residence certificates. In addition, the Okinawan immigrants had been eagerly expecting financial and technical assistance from the Japanese Government under the Agreement for Japanese Immigration to Bolivia. Ambassador Kawasaki was concerned about the desperate situation of the Okinawan immigrants and struggled to commence the consular service to the Okinawan immigrants since 1961. As a result, overall consular service to the Okinawan immigrants started in June 1964, and financial and technical assistance to Colonia Okinawa by the Japanese Government began accordingly. With the assistance of the Japanese  Government and hard work by the Okinawan immigrants, Colonia Okinawa became a very successful settlement in Bolivia. As such, the Okinawan immigrants can enjoy their rights and obligations as Japanese now.},
 pages = {37--72},
 title = {ボリビアの沖縄移民に対する領事事務取扱いの欠如とその開始への模索},
 year = {2022}
}